The Under-5 Mortality Rate (U5MR) is defined as:

\\text{U5MR} = \\frac{\\text{Deaths of children under 5 years}}{\\text{Number of live births in same period}} \\times 1000

It is expressed per 1,000 live births. U5MR is a key indicator of child health and overall development. Pakistan's U5MR is approximately 67–70 per 1,000 live births. The leading causes include pneumonia, diarrhea, malnutrition, and neonatal complications — all areas where community health nursing interventions are critical.