1. Calculate Refractive Index ($\mu$):
$\mu = \frac{c}{v} = \frac{3 \times 10^8}{2 \times 10^8} = 1.5$.

2. Determine Radius of Curvature ($R$):
For a lens with radius of aperture $r = 3 \text{ cm}$ and thickness $t = 0.3 \text{ cm}$, the radius of curvature is given by $R \approx \frac{r^2}{2t}$ (for small thickness).
$R = \frac{3^2}{2 \times 0.3} = \frac{9}{0.6} = 15 \text{ cm}$.

3. Lens Maker's Formula:
$\frac{1}{f} = (\mu - 1) \left( \frac{1}{R_1} - \frac{1}{R_2} \right)$. For a plano-convex lens, $R_1 = R$ and $R_2 = \infty$.
$\frac{1}{f} = (1.5 - 1) \left( \frac{1}{15} \right) = 0.5 \times \frac{1}{15} = \frac{1}{30}$.
Thus, $f = 30 \text{ cm}$.

Percent decrease $= \frac{\text{decrease}}{\text{original}} \times 100\%$

Decrease $= 650{,}000 - 440{,}000 = 210{,}000$

Percent decrease $= \frac{210{,}000}{650{,}000} \times 100\% = \frac{210}{650} \times 100\% = \frac{21}{65} \times 100\%$

$= 0.3231 \times 100\% \approx 32.31\%$

Therefore, the percent decrease is approximately $32\%$.

The text explicitly states that it is estimated that two-thirds ($\frac{2}{3}$) of the jobs eliminated in the 1990s were supervisory/middle management jobs, reflecting the flattening of organizational structures.