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According to Coulomb's Law, the force $F$ between two charges $q_1$ and $q_2$ separated by distance $r$ is:
$F = \frac{1}{4\pi\epsilon_0} \frac{q_1 q_2}{r^2}$
Rearranging for permittivity:
$\epsilon_0 = \frac{q^2}{4\pi F r^2}$
Dimensional analysis:
- Charge $[q] = [AT]$
- Force $[F] = [MLT^{-2}]$
- Distance $[r] = [L]$
$[\epsilon_0] = \frac{[A^2 T^2]}{[M L T^{-2}] [L^2]} = [M^{-1} L^{-3} T^4 A^2]$
What is the primary outcome of crossing over during prophase I of meiosis?
Crossing over exchanges genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes, producing new allele combinations (recombination) and increasing genetic variation.
Thermal strain produced in the rod if it were free to expand is $\frac{\Delta L}{L} = \alpha \Delta T$.
Young's modulus is defined as $Y = \frac{\text{Stress}}{\text{Strain}} = \frac{F/A}{\Delta L/L}$.
Substituting the thermal strain:
$Y = \frac{F/A}{\alpha \Delta T} = \frac{F}{A\alpha \Delta T}$
Which row correctly describes marginal costing vs absorption costing?
| Option | Gives higher profits when inventory levels are increasing | Charges overheads to expenses rather than products |
|---|---|---|
| A | Absorption | Absorption |
| B | Absorption | Marginal |
| C | Marginal | Absorption |
| D | Marginal | Marginal |
Option B is correct.
- Higher profits when inventory rising → Absorption costing: Fixed overheads deferred in closing inventory, reducing the charge to profit.
- Charges overheads as period costs → Marginal costing: All fixed overheads expensed in the period incurred.
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