The four classic press theories are Authoritarian, Libertarian, Soviet/Communist, and Social Responsibility. The Authoritarian Theory predates democratic societies. Its key features include:

• Direct governmental control of all media
• No content that challenges the established political authority is permitted
• Media professionals have no independence within their organisations
• The state registers and licenses media outlets
• Punishments for questioning state ideology

This theory is “typical of pre-democratic societies where government consists of a very limited ruling class.” It is designed to protect the established social order. Option C describes the Soviet Theory; Option D describes the Social Responsibility Theory; Option A describes the Libertarian Theory.

Option B (1 and 3) is correct.

• A delivery note confirms goods were physically delivered.
• A sales invoice is the formal document requesting payment.

A price quotation (2) precedes the sale. A sales order (4) is raised by the customer but does not confirm completion.

$\ln L = \lim_{n\to\infty}\dfrac{1}{n}\sum_{r=1}^{2n}\ln\!\left(1+\dfrac{r}{n}\right) = \int_0^2\ln(1+x)\,dx$

$=\left[(1+x)\ln(1+x)-(1+x)\right]_0^2 = (3\ln3-3)-(-1) = 3\ln3-2$

$L = e^{3\ln3-2} = \dfrac{27}{e^2}$