Using the Principle of Calorimetry: Heat lost by metal = Heat gained by (water + calorimeter).

$m_m s_m (100 - 21.5) = (m_w s_w + m_c s_c) (21.5 - 8.4)$

$0.192 \times s_m \times 78.5 = (0.24 \times 4184 + 0.128 \times 394) \times 13.1$

$15.072 s_m = (1004.16 + 50.432) \times 13.1 = 1054.592 \times 13.1 = 13815.15$

$s_m \approx 916.6 \text{ J kg}^{-1}\text{K}^{-1}$

J.S. Mill's 'On Liberty' is a classic defense of individual freedom from state interference.

Option B is correct.

A key advantage of a sole trader is that it is easy to set up. A key disadvantage is no one to share the workload.

• A: Sole traders are NOT required to publish financial statements. Complete control is an advantage, not a disadvantage.
• C: Separate legal identity belongs to limited companies.
• D: Unlimited liability is a disadvantage, not an advantage.

• Normal \(\dot{V}_E\) = \(5 - 8 \text{ L/min}\)
• This patient's \(\dot{V}_E\) of \(9.8 \text{ L/min}\) is elevated, risking hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis
• Lung-protective ventilation targets \(V_T = 6 \text{ mL/kg}\) ideal body weight (IBW) to prevent ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI)
• If IBW = 70 kg, then target \(V_T = 6 \times 70 = 420 \text{ mL}\)

Placenta Previa is defined as implantation of the placenta over or near the internal cervical os. Its classic presentation:

• Painless, sudden, bright red vaginal bleeding — often called 'causeless, painless hemorrhage'
• No uterine tenderness or rigidity
• Soft, non-tender uterus
• May have abnormal lie (transverse/oblique) due to low placental implantation

Compare with Abruptio Placentae:

NEVER perform vaginal examination in suspected placenta previa — it can precipitate catastrophic hemorrhage. Use ultrasound for diagnosis.

In a break-even chart, the gap between Total Revenue and Total Cost represents Profit (if revenue is higher) or Loss (if cost is higher).