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In freshwater fish, cortisol increases the number and activity of chloride cells (ionocytes/mitochondria-rich cells) in the gills. These specialised cells actively absorb ions (Na⁺, Cl⁻) from the dilute freshwater environment against the concentration gradient, using energy (Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase). This is essential for osmoregulation in freshwater fish, which constantly lose ions and gain water. Cortisol also stimulates gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity directly.

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General Knowledge QUESTION #4748

Question 6

The Kachi Canal Project in Balochistan is designed to irrigate which region?

Quetta
Zhob
Nasirabad✔️
Turbat

Correct Answer Logic:

The Kachi Canal Project draws water from the Pat Feeder Canal on the Indus River to irrigate the Kachi plain in Nasirabad district, Balochistan.

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Boilers Mechanical Engineering QUESTION #4078

Question 7

'Safety Audit' for a boiler plant should include:

Checking the company canteen
Reviewing logs, testing safety devices, and inspecting structural integrity✔️
Checking the color of the paint
Measuring the height of the chimney

Correct Answer Logic:

Regular audits are part of good safety management (as per the Ordinance logic).

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Math Physics Chemistry Biology QUESTION #4263

Question 8

Which of the following muscle types are involuntary in action?

Skeletal and smooth
Skeletal and cardiac
Cardiac and smooth✔️
Smooth muscle only

Correct Answer Logic:

Cardiac muscle (heart) and smooth muscle (visceral organs) are both involuntary — they function without conscious control, unlike skeletal muscle.

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Geology QUESTION #10674

Question 9

Which of the following mountain ranges was formed primarily by continental-continental collision?

Andes (South America)
Alps (Europe)
Himalayas (Asia)✔️
None of these

Correct Answer Logic:

The Himalayas formed by continental-continental collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate, beginning ~50 Ma (Eocene). Because both plates are low-density continental crust (which cannot subduct efficiently), the collision caused extreme crustal thickening, uplift, and the formation of the Tibetan Plateau. The Andes formed by oceanic-continental subduction (Pacific plate under South America). The Alps formed by a complex collision involving the African and Eurasian plates.

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Chemistry QUESTION #7370

Question 10

The maximum number of orbitals that can be identified with quantum numbers $n=3$, $\ell=1$, $m_\ell=0$ is:

1✔️
2
3
4

Correct Answer Logic:

For $n=3, \ell=1, m_\ell=0$: all three quantum numbers are fixed. This uniquely specifies one orbital — the $3p_z$ orbital (or whichever p-orbital corresponds to $m=0$). A specific orbital is defined by its set of $n$, $\ell$, and $m$. Only the spin quantum number $m_s$ remains free.

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Maths QUESTION #4507

Question 11

What is the sum of two negative numbers $-7$ and $-3$?

$-10$✔️
$10$
$-4$
$4$

Correct Answer Logic:

Sum of two negative numbers is negative: $(-7) + (-3) = -10$

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Paper-I (Anatomy/Physiology and Biochemistry/Microbiology) QUESTION #3520

Question 12

Which of the following is a common 'Inhalant Allergen'?

Peanut butter
Pollen✔️
Penicillin
Bee sting

Correct Answer Logic:

Pollens, dust, and molds are common allergens taken in through breathing.

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The Elections Act 2017 QUESTION #9422

Question 13

Section 47(2) requires the Commission to take special measures to reduce gender disparity in voter registration when the variation in registered men and women voters in a constituency exceeds:

Fifteen percent
Five percent
Ten percent✔️
Twenty percent

Correct Answer Logic:

Section 47(2) states: 'Where the variation in the disaggregated data under sub-section (1) is more than ten percent in a constituency, the Commission shall take special measures to reduce such variation.'

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Paper-II (Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutics-I) QUESTION #3628

Question 14

The 'Unani' system of medicine was developed by:

Chinese
Greeks (and furthered by Arabs/Persians)✔️
Indians
Americans

Correct Answer Logic:

Unani is based on the teachings of Hippocrates and Galen.

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Chemistry QUESTION #438

Question 15

The process of filtration is used to separate __________ particles from liquids.

Radial
Angular
Insoluble✔️
Soluble

Correct Answer Logic:

Filtration separates insoluble particles

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Electrical Engineering QUESTION #2157

Question 16

For an n-channel MOSFET in saturation: $I_D = \frac{k_n}{2}(V_{GS}-V_{th})^2$. Given $V_{th} = 2\,\text{V}$, $k_n = 1\,\text{mA/V}^2$, $V_{GS} = 5\,\text{V}$, find $I_D$.

$4.5\,\text{mA}$✔️
$12.5\,\text{mA}$
$9\,\text{mA}$
$2\,\text{mA}$

Correct Answer Logic:

$I_D = \frac{1}{2}(1)(5-2)^2 = 0.5 \times 9 = 4.5\,\text{mA}$.

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Law QUESTION #5657

Question 17

The principal court of original jurisdiction in civil cases is:

High Court
Court so designated by the Provincial Government by notification in the official gazette✔️
The Senior Civil Judge
The District and Session Judge

Correct Answer Logic:

The principal court of original civil jurisdiction is the court designated by the Provincial Government by notification in the official gazette — not the High Court or the District and Session Judge.

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Boilers Mechanical Engineering QUESTION #3984

Question 18

'Priming' in a boiler refers to the phenomenon where:

The boiler is started for the first time
Water droplets are carried away with the steam into the pipes✔️
The fuel fails to ignite
The boiler pressure drops suddenly

Correct Answer Logic:

Priming can cause water hammer and damage to engines/turbines; it's often caused by high water levels or impurities.

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Physics QUESTION #7054

Question 19

A copper slab $1 \text{ m}$ thick connects a heat source at $10^3 \text{ K}$ to a reservoir at $10^2 \text{ K}$. If the thermal conductivity of copper is $0.1 \text{ WK}^{-1}\text{m}^{-1}$, what is the energy flux through the slab in steady state?

$90 \text{ Wm}^{-2}$✔️
$120 \text{ Wm}^{-2}$
$65 \text{ Wm}^{-2}$
$200 \text{ Wm}^{-2}$

Correct Answer Logic:

Energy flux (Intensity) is the rate of heat flow per unit area:

$J = \frac{H}{A} = \frac{k \Delta T}{L}$

$J = \frac{0.1 \times (10^3 - 10^2)}{1} = 0.1 \times 900 = 90 \text{ Wm}^{-2}$

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Nursing QUESTION #9133

Question 20

A nurse is calculating the expected date of delivery (EDD) using Naegele's rule. The patient's LMP was 10th September. What is the EDD?

17th June✔️
17th July
10th June
3rd July

Correct Answer Logic:

Naegele's Rule formula:

\[\text{EDD} = \text{LMP} - 3\,\text{months} + 7\,\text{days} + 1\,\text{year}\]

Or equivalently: Add 9 months and 7 days to LMP

Calculation:

LMP: 10th September
Subtract 3 months: 10th June
Add 7 days: 17th June
Add 1 year (next year)

Therefore, EDD = 17th June (next year)

Normal pregnancy duration: $280\,\text{days}$ or $40\,\text{weeks}$ from LMP $= 266\,\text{days}$ from conception.

Important caveat: Naegele's rule assumes a regular 28-day cycle with ovulation on Day 14. Adjust for irregular cycles accordingly. Ultrasound (especially first trimester CRL) is more accurate for dating.

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