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Nutritional Rickets — deficiency of Vitamin D leading to impaired bone mineralization.
Pathophysiology:
\[\downarrow \text{Vit D} \Rightarrow \downarrow \text{Ca}^{2+}\,\text{absorption (gut)} \Rightarrow \downarrow \text{Serum Ca}^{2+} \Rightarrow \uparrow \text{PTH} \Rightarrow \downarrow \text{Phosphate (renal loss)} \Rightarrow \text{Impaired mineralization}\]
Clinical features:
- Rachitic rosary: Bony swellings at costochondral junctions
- Harrison's sulcus: Horizontal groove along lower chest (diaphragm pull)
- Craniotabes: Ping-pong ball sensation (skull)
- Bossing: Frontal bossing
- Widened wrists/ankles
- Bow legs (genu varum) or knock knees
- Delayed dentition, hypocalcemic tetany
Labs: \(\downarrow\) Ca, \(\downarrow\) PO₄, \(\uparrow\) ALP (markedly), \(\uparrow\) PTH, \(\downarrow\) 25-OH Vitamin D
X-ray: Cupping, fraying, splaying of metaphyses (especially distal radius)
Treatment: Vitamin D \(1000{-}5000\,\text{IU/day}\) for 3 months + calcium supplementation.
Which AI technique enables systems to learn patterns from data and improve performance over time without explicit programming?
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