The IFJ Declaration of Principles (adopted 1954, amended 1986 in Helsingör) specifically defines the following as grave professional offences for journalists:

• Plagiarism
• Malicious misrepresentation
• Calumny, slander, libel, and unfounded accusations
• Acceptance of a bribe in any form in consideration of either publication or suppression of information

Expressing personal political opinions in editorial content is not listed as a grave professional offence in this declaration. The declaration also requires journalists to: respect truth, defend freedom of information, report only facts of known origin, use only fair methods to obtain news, rectify inaccurate information, observe professional secrecy regarding sources, and be aware of discrimination. The code emphasises that journalists should recognise “in professional matters the jurisdiction of colleagues only, to the exclusion of every kind of interference by governments or others.”

Power: watt (J/s). Energy: joule; Force: newton; Velocity: m/s.

Enculturation is the natural, passive, lifelong process by which individuals absorb their own culture's values, language, norms, and beliefs — primarily from parents, family, community, and education. It is largely unconscious: the child does not choose to be enculturated; it simply happens through immersion. The Lahore example (Option C) perfectly illustrates this: a Pakistani child does not consciously choose to speak Urdu, observe Islamic practices, eat biryani, or respect elders — these are absorbed as part of growing up in that environment. Acculturation (Options A, B, D), by contrast, involves a conscious, deliberate effort to learn and internalise the norms of a different culture. The textbook notes that acculturation “may take years even to those who command some expertise on communication techniques.” Failure to acculturate leads to ongoing communication problems and possible cultural shock.