'Elated' means extremely happy and excited. 'Overjoyed' is the closest synonym. 'Confused', 'disappointed', and 'nervous' are unrelated emotions.

Initially: 4 red, 6 black (10 total).

Case 1 — First ball is red (prob $= \frac{4}{10}$):
Bag becomes: 6 red, 6 black (12 total). $P(\text{red 2nd}) = \frac{6}{12} = \frac{1}{2}$.

Case 2 — First ball is black (prob $= \frac{6}{10}$):
Bag becomes: 4 red, 8 black (12 total). $P(\text{red 2nd}) = \frac{4}{12} = \frac{1}{3}$.

Total: $\dfrac{4}{10}\cdot\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{6}{10}\cdot\dfrac{1}{3} = \dfrac{2}{10}+\dfrac{2}{10} = \dfrac{4}{10} = \dfrac{2}{5}$

Perforated peptic ulcer is a surgical emergency. The classic presentation is:

• Sudden, severe, generalized abdominal pain
• Board-like rigidity (involuntary guarding) — contents spill into peritoneal cavity causing chemical peritonitis
• Rebound tenderness (positive Blumberg's sign)
• Absent bowel sounds
• Tachycardia, hypotension (shock)
• Free air under diaphragm on chest X-ray (pathognomonic)

Priority nursing actions:

1. Keep patient NPO immediately
2. Insert IV lines — large-bore cannulas
3. IV fluids to maintain hemodynamic stability
4. Insert urinary catheter — monitor urine output hourly
5. IV antibiotics as ordered
6. Prepare for emergency laparotomy
7. Do NOT give analgesics until surgeon has assessed (may mask signs)