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Paper-II (Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutics-I) QUESTION #3015

Question 401

A 'Paste' differs from an ointment because it contains:

A higher percentage of insoluble solids✔️
More water
Alcohol
Volatile oils

Correct Answer Logic:

Pastes contain a high concentration (often $20-50\%$) of finely powdered solids.

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Mathematics QUESTION #1308

Question 402

In Newton-Raphson method, starting with initial approximation $x_0$, the next iteration is:

$x_1 = x_0 - \dfrac{f(x_0)}{f'(x_0)}$✔️
$x_1 = x_0 + \dfrac{f(x_0)}{f'(x_0)}$
$x_1 = x_0\cdot\dfrac{f'(x_0)}{f(x_0)}$
$x_1 = -\dfrac{f(x_0)}{f'(x_0)}$

Correct Answer Logic:

Newton-Raphson iteration formula: $x_{n+1}=x_n-\dfrac{f(x_n)}{f'(x_n)}$. It is derived from the tangent line approximation at $x_n$ and converges quadratically near a simple root.

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Political Science QUESTION #6668

Question 403

Who is the author of 'Das Kapital'?

Karl Marx✔️
Friedrich Engels
Mao Zedong
None of these

Correct Answer Logic:

Karl Marx's 'Das Kapital' is a fundamental text in materialist philosophy and economics.

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Boilers Mechanical Engineering QUESTION #2395

Question 404

Newton's Law of Viscosity for a Newtonian fluid relates shear stress $\tau$ to the velocity gradient $dV/dy$ by:

$\tau = \mu \frac{dV}{dy}$ where $\mu$ is dynamic (absolute) viscosity✔️
$\tau = \nu \frac{dV}{dy}$ where $\nu$ is kinematic viscosity
$\tau = \rho \frac{dV}{dy}$
$\tau = E \frac{dV}{dy}$ where $E$ is bulk modulus

Correct Answer Logic:

Newton's Law of Viscosity: $\tau=\mu\frac{dV}{dy}$ where $\mu$ (Pa·s) is the dynamic viscosity. Newtonian fluids exhibit a linear relationship between shear stress and strain rate.

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Chemistry QUESTION #7810

Question 405

Acetic acid can be prepared by hydrolysis of:

Ethanol
Ethene
Methanoic acid
Methyl cyanide✔️

Correct Answer Logic:

Hydrolysis of methyl cyanide (acetonitrile, CH₃CN) yields acetic acid: $\mathrm{CH_3CN + 2H_2O \rightarrow CH_3COOH + NH_3}$.

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Chemistry QUESTION #5564

Question 406

Which of the following compounds will behave as a reducing sugar in an aqueous KOH solution? (A free hemiacetal/anomeric –OH is required for reducing sugar property)

The furanose with two free –OH groups on anomeric carbon✔️
The furanose with –OCH₃ at anomeric position
The furanose with –OCOCH₃ at anomeric position
The pyranose with –CH₂OCH₃ group

Correct Answer Logic:

A reducing sugar must have a free anomeric –OH (hemiacetal) that can open to give an aldehyde/ketone form. Option A shows a furanose ring with a free –OH at the anomeric carbon, which can open and reduce. Options B and C have the anomeric –OH blocked as an ether or ester (non-reducing). Option D also has a blocked anomeric position.

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Chemistry QUESTION #5525

Question 407

Match the drugs with their correct pharmacological classification: (A) Norethindrone → ?, (B) Ofloxacin → ?, (C) Equanil → ?; Options: (P) Antibiotic, (Q) Anti-fertility, (R) Hypertension, (S) Analgesic

$(A)\to(Q);\ (B)\to(R);\ (C)\to(S)$
$(A)\to(Q);\ (B)\to(P);\ (C)\to(R)$✔️
$(A)\to(R);\ (B)\to(P);\ (C)\to(S)$
$(A)\to(R);\ (B)\to(P);\ (C)\to(R)$

Correct Answer Logic:

Norethindrone is a synthetic progesterone used as an anti-fertility (contraceptive) drug → (Q). Ofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic → (P). Equanil (meprobamate) is a tranquilizer used to control anxiety and hypertension → (R). Correct match: $A \to Q,\ B \to P,\ C \to R$.

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Mathematics QUESTION #6024

Question 408

If $y = \sec(\tan^{-1}x)$, find $\dfrac{dy}{dx}$ at $x=1$.

$\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$✔️
$\dfrac{1}{2}$
1
$\sqrt{2}$

Correct Answer Logic:

Let $\theta = \tan^{-1}x$, so $\tan\theta = x$ and $y = \sec\theta$.

$\frac{dy}{dx} = \sec\theta\tan\theta\cdot\frac{d\theta}{dx} = \sec\theta\tan\theta\cdot\frac{1}{1+x^2}$

Since $\tan\theta=x$ and $\sec\theta=\sqrt{1+x^2}$:

$\frac{dy}{dx} = \sqrt{1+x^2}\cdot x\cdot\frac{1}{1+x^2} = \frac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}$

At $x=1$: $\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$

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Biology Zoology Botany QUESTION #1385

Question 409

A cross between an individual with an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual is called a:

Back cross
Test cross✔️
Monohybrid cross
Dihybrid cross

Correct Answer Logic:

A test cross involves crossing an organism with an unknown genotype (possibly homozygous dominant or heterozygous) with a homozygous recessive individual (e.g., aa). The phenotypic ratio of offspring reveals the unknown genotype. If all offspring show the dominant phenotype, the unknown parent is homozygous dominant; if a 1:1 ratio appears, it is heterozygous.

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Administration QUESTION #9536

Question 410

A public manager simultaneously faces pressure from the legislature to cut expenditure, from citizens demanding better services, and from courts challenging a departmental policy. Which foundational characteristic of public administration most directly explains this multi-directional accountability?

Ambiguity of public sector goals
Pluralistic decision-making environment✔️
Pervasiveness of government power
Visibility of public managers' actions

Correct Answer Logic:

Public administration operates within a pluralistic decision-making environment where multiple constituencies — legislature, judiciary, citizens — all hold legitimate authority over the executive. This is structurally distinct from private management and is the root cause of multi-directional accountability.

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General Abilities QUESTION #2845

Question 411

Two trains start at the same time from cities A and B, 300 km apart, moving towards each other. Train A moves at 80 km/h and Train B at 70 km/h. In how many hours will they meet?

2 hours✔️
2.5 hours
3 hours
3.5 hours

Correct Answer Logic:

Relative speed (moving towards each other) $= 80 + 70 = 150$ km/h. Time $= \dfrac{300}{150} = 2$ hours.

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Geography QUESTION #6344

Question 412

'Deindustrialization' in developed countries since the 1970s primarily reflects:

Manufacturing employment and output share declining relative to services✔️
Complete elimination of manufacturing sectors
Relocation of all industry to developing countries
Reduced industrial productivity and competitiveness

Correct Answer Logic:

Deindustrialization describes the relative decline of manufacturing employment and GDP share (not absolute production) as economies shift toward services. Causes include rising manufacturing productivity, offshoring, and income-elastic demand for services.

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General Knowledge QUESTION #8613

Question 413

Captain Karnal Sher Khan, recipient of the Nishan-e-Haider, belonged to which regiment?

Punjab Regiment
Frontier Force Regiment
Sindh Regiment
Northern Light Infantry✔️

Correct Answer Logic:

He served in the Northern Light Infantry.

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Therapeutics and Patient Care QUESTION #3899

Question 414

What is the most clinically important advantage of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) over ACE inhibitors in terms of tolerability?

There is a decreased incidence of hyperkalaemia
They are less likely to cause adverse effects such as dizziness
There is a reduced incidence of cough✔️
They do not interact with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications

Correct Answer Logic:

ACE inhibitors cause a dry persistent cough in up to $20\%$ of patients by increasing bradykinin levels. ARBs do not inhibit ACE and therefore have a significantly lower incidence of cough.

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Political Science QUESTION #6692

Question 415

The concept of 'Rule of Law' was popularized by which British jurist?

John Locke
A.V. Dicey✔️
Jeremy Bentham
None of these

Correct Answer Logic:

Albert Venn Dicey is famous for his exposition of the Rule of Law in his work on the UK Constitution.

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Paper-I (Pharmaceutics II (Industrial and Quality Control) and Pharmaceutics III (Hospital and Community Pharmacy)) QUESTION #5714

Question 416

According to Dilling's rule, the child's dose is calculated as:

$D_{A} \times \frac{Age}{20}$✔️
$D_{A} \times \frac{Age}{Age+12}$
$D_{A} \times \frac{Weight \text{ (lb)}}{150}$
$D_{A} \times \frac{Age}{24}$

Correct Answer Logic:

Dilling's rule: $\text{Child dose} = (\text{Age}/20) \times \text{Adult dose}$.

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General Abilities QUESTION #7966

Question 417

Aslam ran around a $\dfrac{1}{4}$ km track 17 times. How many kilometres did he run?

$4\dfrac{1}{4}$ km✔️
4 km
$4\dfrac{1}{2}$ km
$4\dfrac{3}{4}$ km

Correct Answer Logic:

Total distance $= 17 \times \dfrac{1}{4} = \dfrac{17}{4} = 4\dfrac{1}{4}$ km

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Economics QUESTION #1701

Question 418

Among the most persistent structural criticisms levelled at Pakistan's privatisation drives since the 1990s, which of the following has been the most prominent?

Significant decline in government tax revenues post-privatisation
Absence of transparency, competitive bidding, and accountability in the divestiture process✔️
Excessive regulatory burden imposed on newly privatised entities
None of these

Correct Answer Logic:

The most consistent and widely documented criticism of Pakistan's privatisation policy is the lack of transparency and accountability — assets were often sold below fair market value, through non-competitive processes, to politically connected buyers. The privatisation of entities like PTCL, Pakistan Steel Mills deliberations, and banking sector sales have all attracted scrutiny on these grounds. Regulatory capture of privatised sectors, not over-regulation, has also been a concern.

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Constitutional Law QUESTION #5833

Question 419

A state law requires all doctors to perform a specific medical procedure that the state deems 'necessary for public health.' A doctor refuses on religious grounds. Under the Free Exercise Clause, is the doctor exempt from the law?

Yes, because the law places a 'substantial burden' on his religious practice.
Yes, if the law is not 'neutral' or 'generally applicable.'
No, if the law is a neutral law of general applicability, even if it incidentally burdens religion.✔️
No, because medical procedures are never subject to religious exemptions.

Correct Answer Logic:

Under Employment Division v. Smith, a neutral law of general applicability does not violate the Free Exercise Clause, even if it incidentally burdens religious practices. The state does not need a compelling interest unless the law specifically targets religion or involves 'hybrid' rights.

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Journalism / Mass Communication QUESTION #6397

Question 420

In advertising terminology, what is the difference between classified advertisements and display advertisements?

Classified ads appear online only; display ads appear in print only
Classified ads are brief, typically single-column text listings (like job postings or for-sale notices); display ads are larger, can span multiple columns, and typically include visual design elements✔️
Classified ads are always free; display ads require payment
Display ads are government-mandated public notices; classified ads are commercial promotions

Correct Answer Logic:

The textbook describes two main types of newspaper advertising:

Classified Advertisements: Brief, text-only ads, usually confined to a single column. They are the simplest form of print advertising — historically used for job vacancies, property rentals, for-sale items, personal notices, and service listings. The term “classified” comes from their organisation into categories (jobs, real estate, vehicles, etc.).
Display Advertisements: Larger, visually designed ads that can span multiple columns. They include graphics, logos, photographs, colour, and creative layouts designed to attract attention. Display ads are the dominant format for branding and promotional campaigns. The first multi-column display ads in the U.S. were used to promote transcontinental railroad bonds in the 1860s.

The textbook notes that newspapers typically charge display ads in advance, but advertising agencies are given 90-day credit terms. Premium placement (front page, specific positions) can cost up to 400% more than standard rates.

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