Static meanings is one of the behaviours of language that the textbook identifies as a communication problem. Languages attach meanings to words and associate characteristics with people, places, or groups — and these associations can persist long after they are no longer accurate or fair. The textbook gives these illustrative examples:

• A university classmate once regarded as “nuts” is still referred to as such by friends even years after he has matured and changed
• A traveller cheated once in a foreign country continues to call all people of that nation “cheats” decades later
• Historical ruling tribes described with certain characteristics have their descendants judged by those same labels for generations

This is contrasted with natural sciences like physics or chemistry, where measurements change objectively as conditions change. Language has no such automatic update mechanism — human bias preserves outdated associations, harming communication and perpetuating injustice.

Under accrual accounting, revenue is recognized when it is earned, not when cash is received. A credit sale of Rs. 350 means the business has earned the revenue, so it is recorded in the income statement as sales revenue. The receivable (Rs. 350) is recorded on the balance sheet as an asset, but the sale itself appears on the income statement. Cash-basis accounting would delay recognition until cash is received, but accrual accounting does not.

Subject-verb agreement is a fundamental rule in English where the verb must match the number of the subject.

• Singular Subject: Takes a singular verb (usually ends in -s or -es in the present tense).
• Plural Subject: Takes a plural verb (does not end in -s).